Which of the following are considered symptoms of PTSD?

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is characterized by a range of symptoms that can significantly impact an individual's daily life. The correct answer encompasses all the symptoms associated with PTSD, which can be categorized into three main clusters: avoidance, cognitive and mood alterations, and arousal and reactivity.

Avoidance symptoms involve efforts to steer clear of reminders of the traumatic event, which may include avoiding people, places, or situations that trigger memories of the trauma. This behavior is a coping mechanism to evade distressing feelings and memories.

Cognitive and mood symptoms relate to the individual's thought processes and emotional state. These might include persistent negative thoughts about oneself or others, distorted beliefs about the cause or consequences of the trauma, feelings of estrangement from others, and significant emotional distress or numbness.

Arousal and reactivity symptoms include heightened physiological responses such as increased heart rate, difficulty sleeping, irritability, and a state of hypervigilance. These symptoms arise as the body remains in a heightened state of alertness, often as a result of experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event.

By recognizing that PTSD manifests through a combination of avoidance, cognitive and mood disturbances, and arousal and reactivity, it becomes clear that all these elements are integral to